International Journal of Scientific Reports

The role of artificial intelligence in enhancing disaster management: implications for medical and public health preparedness

2025-11-24T19:19:49+0530

Natural disasters, including earthquakes, wildfires, floods, and disease outbreaks, have catastrophic consequences for human lives, infrastructure, and economies worldwide. Their increasing frequency and intensity, exacerbated by climate change and urbanization, present significant challenges to disaster management. Traditional approaches often struggle to cope with the scale and complexity of modern disasters. This narrative review examines the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform disaster management, exploring its applications across the disaster cycle. By assessing AI's role in damage assessment, early warning systems, resource allocation, and post-disaster rehabilitation, the review identifies opportunities to enhance disaster response and recovery efforts. Additionally, it addresses challenges related to AI implementation, such as algorithmic bias, data quality, and ethical considerations, to develop equitable and robust AI-driven disaster management strategies. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify key research on AI’s role in early warning systems, disaster management, damage control, resource allocation, and post-disaster recovery. AI holds significant potential to improve disaster response and recovery. It can enhance early warning systems, optimize resource allocation, and improve damage assessment. Furthermore, AI can support post-disaster repair and rehabilitation efforts. However, challenges such as data quality, ethical concerns, and algorithmic bias must be addressed to ensure the responsible and effective application of AI in disaster management. By harnessing the power of AI, we can build more resilient societies and reduce the impact of future disasters. To fully realize AI’s potential, it is essential to integrate it into research, development, and ethical frameworks, ensuring its responsible and efficient implementation.

Recent advances in medical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia: narrative review

2025-11-24T19:19:48+0530

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition in aging men, commonly linked with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as frequency, urgency, nocturia, and weak urinary stream, all of which significantly impact quality of life. Pharmacological therapy remains the first-line management, yet conventional agents like alpha-1 blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) often face challenges due to poor adherence, sexual side effects, and suboptimal symptom control. Given the progressive nature of BPH and its increasing prevalence in the elderly worldwide, including India, there is a need for more effective and better-tolerated treatment options. A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Studies published between 2020 and 2025 were included to capture recent therapeutic innovations. References from selected articles were also cross-examined to ensure completeness. Pharmacological advances: While α-blockers and 5-ARIs remain standard, they inadequately target BPH’s multifactorial pathophysiology involving inflammation, hormonal imbalance, and increased smooth muscle tone. Emerging therapies include phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, which relax prostate and bladder smooth muscle, improving both LUTS and erectile function; β3-adrenoceptor agonists for bladder storage symptoms; and gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists that reduce prostate volume without hormonal flare. Additionally, COX-2 inhibitors show promise in managing inflammation-driven LUTS such as nocturia. BPH represents a complex age-related condition beyond prostate enlargement. Although traditional therapies offer benefit, newer agents-targeting hormonal, inflammatory, and metabolic pathways-expand treatment options. Future care will rely on personalized, minimally invasive, and biologically informed strategies to enhance efficacy, safety, and patient quality of life.

The effect of first-trimester bleeding on the newborn birth weight: a retrospective study

2025-11-24T19:19:47+0530

Background: Vaginal bleeding is a common complication during pregnancy and can cause some adverse pregnancy outcomes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of first trimester bleeding in the current pregnancy on newborns Apgar.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on pregnant women who delivered at Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd, Iran, between 2022 and 2023. They were singleton, nulliparous, non-diabetic women. Patients were categorized into two groups: exposure group (bleeding group) and control group (non-bleeding group), by using data from archived files. Apgar recorded in the newborn's file at the first minute and at the fifth minute after birth in both groups was noted.

Results: A total of 992 women were included in this study, with 218 exposure and 774 control groups. First minute Apgar score <7 was significantly increased in bleeding group. (22.5% versus 6.2%, p=0.02), while the five-minute Apgar score <7 did not increase significantly in this group.

Conclusion: This study showed, there is positive correlation between first trimester vaginal bleeding and low first minute Apgar score in newborns.

A prospective study of serum lipids and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes

2025-11-24T19:19:46+0530

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss among individuals with type 1 diabetes, yet factors beyond hyperglycemia that contribute to its onset and progression are not fully understood. Dyslipidemia has been proposed as a modifiable risk factor, but evidence has been inconsistent

Methods: This prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between serum lipid levels and the risk of incident and progressive DR in 1,360 participants with type 1 diabetes, aged 14–38 years, followed for a mean of 6.2 years. Participants were stratified into primary prevention and secondary intervention groups and underwent annual fasting lipid measurements and standardized retinal photography, with outcomes graded according to the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) scale.

Results: During follow-up, 312 new cases of DR, 286 cases of DR progression, and 94 cases of proliferative DR were identified. Higher LDL cholesterol and elevated total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly associated with incident DR (HR 2.68 and 3.05, respectively, highest vs. lowest quintile), while triglycerides and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio predicted disease progression (HR 2.12 and 1.95, respectively). Associations with proliferative DR were attenuated after adjustment for glycemic control. HDL cholesterol showed no independent effect.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that lipid abnormalities contribute primarily to the early development and progression of DR rather than proliferative disease. Given that dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor, early identification and treatment may reduce the burden of vision loss in type 1 diabetes. Lipid management, alongside strict glycemic control, should be considered in preventive ophthalmic care.

Hypertension management in chronic kidney disease: insights from a multicenter survey of nephrologists in India

2025-11-24T19:19:49+0530

Background: Due to inadequate treatment adherence, delayed diagnosis, and a lack of healthcare resources, managing hypertension (HT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in many regions of India is really difficult. This survey looks at ways to improve care through lifestyle changes, guideline-based interventions, and evidence-based practices.

Methods: "A cross-sectional, structured, multicenter survey of 304 nephrologists across India was conducted from August to November 2024. A questionnaire was developed to gather valuable insights into their clinical practices and preferences concerning the diagnosis and management of HT in CKD patients.

Results: Personalized approaches utilizing ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs for renal and cardiovascular benefits are necessary for the effective management of HT in CKD. Preventing the progression of CKD requires addressing non-adherence and enhancing patient education. Although they reduced proteinuria, combination treatments involving ACE inhibitors and ARBs raised safety questions. Nephrologists highlighted the clinical benefits of using specific medications in patients with CKD, especially for their effectiveness in managing related comorbidities and slowing the progression of the disease, despite difficulties with dosing and monitoring.

Conclusions: The survey reveals varied treatment approaches to HT in CKD, highlighting key challenges like poor adherence and resistant HT. It emphasizes the need for personalized care, early detection, and integrated multidisciplinary management.

Odontogenic submandibular abscess in a diabetic patient with autism and incidental diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a case report

2025-11-24T19:19:45+0530

Odontogenic infections are a leading cause of deep neck space infections, with potential to progress rapidly and cause life-threatening complications if untreated. Herein this report presents the case of a 63-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus, autism spectrum disorder, and tobacco chewing who developed a submandibular and sublingual abscess secondary to dental caries. The patient presented with progressive dysphagia, swelling, and fever. Laboratory investigations revealed anemia and a markedly elevated C reactive protein level, while imaging demonstrated diffuse soft tissue edema and an abscess in the left masseter muscle, along with incidental findings of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Surgical incision and drainage were performed, followed by extraction of the diseased tooth and intravenous antimicrobial therapy, leading to clinical resolution. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary management of odontogenic infections, particularly in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes and autism, and draws attention to the perioperative implications of incidental DISH in airway management.

Urgent attention needed towards street-performing children exposed to toxic metallic paint in Pakistan

2025-11-24T19:19:43+0530

Around the globe, children performing on streets have been involved in performances making themselves visually attractive to earn a living; which frequently involves painting their body and face. With limited regulatory oversight children are exposed to these hazardous chemicals through these informal economic activities. This issue has been alarmingly escalating in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. Additionally, in urban Karachi this sight is very common to witness children in gold or silver metallic paints at traffic signals and tourist hotspots like Khayaban-Ittehad and Seaview; that too in this scorching heat to earn a minimal wage. These metallic paints; often inexpensive and unregulated contain harmful chemicals like lead, aluminum and other heavy metals posing a serious health concern.