International Journal of Scientific Reports

Myoid hamartoma of breast: a rare case report with review of literature

Nimisha Dhankar — 2023-09-27

Myoid hamartomas of breast are extremely rare lesions with poorly defined pathogenesis. They are composed of differentiated mammary glandular and stromal structures with areas of smooth muscle differentiation. They are postulated to arise from walls of the blood vessels and/or muscularis mammillae of the areolae. They usual present as a well demarcated lump and it is difficult to diagnose them on clinical and radiological basis. Diagnosis requires demonstration of smooth muscle phenotype using immunohistochemistry by smooth muscle actin and desmin. Surgical resection is the curative treatment. We reported a case of myoid hamartoma in a 50-year-old postmenopausal lady with its clinical, radiological and histopathological discussion. The lesion presented as a painless lump and was initially reported as BIRADS 4a on mammography. Apart from the stroma showing spindle cell component with smooth muscle differentiation, the histopathology also showed epithelial changes including epithelial hyperplasia and columnar cell change.

Support vector machines in neonatal mortality detection: a comprehensive scoping review with disease-specific emphasis

Zoya Aamir — 2023-09-27

Neonatal mortality is a widely significant problem since diseases such as sepsis, apnea and jaundice have claimed the lives of 2.3 million neonates in 2021. As such, better tools need to be developed to reduce its rate. While traditional methods like Clinical risk index (CRIB) and Score for neonatal acute physiology (SNAP) have proven helpful in predicting neonatal mortality, there is a need for more efficient measures. One such approach is support vector machine (SVM), a supervised machine-learning algorithm that is primarily used for classification. SVM can perform both linear and non-linear classification; it conducts the latter with the assistance of the kernel trick and functions such as polynomial, gaussian, RBF and sigmoid functions. This narrative review aims to explore the potential and limitations of SVM in predicting major global causes of neonatal mortality. We searched through articles employing SVM to predict different diseases and symptoms such as sepsis, seizures, fetal heart rate, low birth weight, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, apnea, jaundice and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and concluded that while SVM has its merits and has shown promising results in many aspects, it also has its demerits such as requiring an extensive training time to achieve higher accuracy and precision.

Intimate partner violence; breaking the silence on male victims in Nigeria

Gbolahan D. Olatunji — 2023-09-27

Globally, men have always been seen as perpetrators of aggression in romantic relationship which constitute intimate partner violence (IPV). In Nigeria, they are mostly considered as the villains due to the patriarchal nature of the society. However, there have been many cases of violence by intimate partners where men were the victims. Very few of such cases were reported either to the hospital or to the police due to many reasons ranging from sociocultural, ethnic, economic and religious values among others. In a patriarchal society like Nigeria, men experience various form of violence which could be physical, psychological, sexual and socioeconomic from intimate partners. Therefore, this article attempts to review the reported incidence of male victims of IPV in Nigeria and the peculiarities involved while providing recommendations. Some of the factors identified for the low incidence report includes; lack of routine screening for domestic violence in health facilities, the fact that psychological violence is not considered as violence in some Nigerian society, shame about disclosing family violence, poor socioeconomic status and many more. Additionally, a major predictor of female-perpetrated IPV was childhood exposure to violence. This paper recommends that several actions which would improve the report of IPV against men while ameliorating IPV in Nigeria may involve: raising public awareness, legal protection, increasing health care worker sensitivity, provision of support services, research and proper data collection among others.

LC16m8: long term immunity is the way to eradicate monkey pox

Ahmad Shahid — 2023-09-27

Another addition to the trend of infectious epidemic diseases instituted by Corona Virus is the monkey pox virus, a concept endemic to the nations of Africa but now globalized in the 2022-2023 epidemic.

Gestational diabetes screening and management: the issues of GDM risk factors and phone number documentations

Fortunatus D. Gbeinbo — 2023-09-27

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) if unmanaged can complicate pregnancy outcomes. Selective screening of GDM is a common policy hence, the need for complete medical records of patients. The extent and pattern that documentation of patients’ records can impact GDM screening-by-telehealth requires elucidation. The aim was to describe the effectiveness of phone contacts on medical records and GDM risk factors among a hospital-based antenatal clinic setting

Methods: This was an observational study in which previously reported antenatal records of patients screened for GDM were reviewed for effectiveness of phone contacts to do telehealth, and this was with simultaneous GDM risk assessment. Data were analysed by descriptive frequency counting.

Results: On effectiveness of phone details on medical records, 41/98 cases were reached, of which 31.7% have three or more GDM risk factors to fulfil selection criteria for laboratory screening of GDM. Prevalence of risk factors in initial routine data collection (24.9%), previous history assessment (21.3%) and at antenatal monitoring phase (37.8%), Among the 57/98 phone contacts that were unreached, 59.6% are switched off.

Conclusions: The observations highlight the need of concerted focus on policy and education, for both staff and patients, to improve documentation of correct and valid telephone details in medical records.

Chain ratio and product estimators for population mode using two-phase sampling scheme

Sanjay Kumar — 2023-09-27

Background: For skewed datasets, the mode is utilized as a more appropriate measure of location. We formed chain ratio and product estimators for the population mode using two types of auxiliary information under the two-phase sampling scheme.

Methods: Expressions for biases and mean square errors for the formed estimators up to the first order of approximation are obtained. The confidence intervals of the estimators are obtained and the aspects related to fixed cost and fixed variance are also studied. A simulation study is performed to support the theoretical outcomes. A real dataset is also provided which was collected from the department of agriculture, United States.

Results: The simulation results for the fixed first-phase sample size and the second-phase sample size show that the mean square error is 0.035, the bias is 0.012, the confidence interval is 2.67-3.15, and the cost of the survey under the fixed variance is ₹ 194.67 of the proposed estimator , which is lower than 0.039, 0.055, 2.70-3.20, and ₹ 247.37 of the ratio estimator and 0.078, 0.041, 2.57-3.31, and ₹ 268.73 of the naive estimator .

Conclusions: The simulation results show that the proposed estimator performs better than the ratio estimator and the naive estimator .