First-line drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in Sub-Saharan Africa

Mosopefoluwa A. John; Evans C. Oleka

doi:10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20221842

Authors

Mosopefoluwa A. John Department of Science, Federal Science and Technical College, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
Evans C. Oleka Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20221842

Keywords:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Drug-resistant, Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Throughout history, natural products have been utilized to treat a variety of diseases; cinchona tree containing quinine to treat malaria, penicillin for the treatment of infectious diseases, and a wide variety of others. Since the discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1929, a large number of antibacterial agents have been developed and have had a huge impact on human health. However, due to widespread excessive dispensing of antibiotics, certain bacterial pathogens have developed resistant strains via various mutations in their genomic setup. One of such pathogens is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, hence the study. This study aims at describing the epidemiology of resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its risk factors and potential control strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. PubMed, BMC and other reliable databases were searched for English research articles published from January 2015 to December 2020 reporting on the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to lack of credible data from all Sub-Saharan African countries and first-line drugs, the study was streamlined to the most populous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 17 of which were considered in this study, and the two most common first-line drugs (i.e., Rifampicin and Isoniazid). A total of 54 research articles were thoroughly reviewed for the final analysis. Isoniazid had higher monoresistance (8.5%) than Rifampicin (3.6%). Tuberculosis (TB) Monoresistance was highest in Morocco (54%) and lowest in Mali (4.2%), while multidrug resistance highest in Senegal (58.1%), and lowest in Cameroon (1.1%).

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Zeinab B. Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria to Current Antibacterial Agents and Approaches to Resolve It. Molecules. 2020;25(6).

Cauthen GM, Pio A, Ten Dam HG. Annual risk of tuberculous infection. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(6):503-11.

Bedewi Omer Z, Mekonnen Y, Worku A, Zewde A, Medhin G, Mohammed T et al. Evaluation of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay for detection of rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Ethiopia. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2016;5(4):475-81.

Karimi H, En-Nanai L, Oudghiri A, Chaoui I, Laglaoui A, Bourkadi JE et al. Performance of GenoType® MTBDRplus assay in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Tangier, Morocco. J Global Antimicrobial Resistance. 2018;12:63-7.

Ba Diallo A, Ossoga GW, Daneau G, Lo S, Ngandolo R, Djaibe CD et al. Emergence and clonal transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients in Chad. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):579.

Affolabi D, Sanoussi N, Codo S, Sogbo F, Wachinou P, Massou F et al. First Insight into a Nationwide Genotypic Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Previously Treated Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Benin, West Africa. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2017;2017:3276240.

Sekyere JO, Maningi EN, Reta MA. Antibiotic resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in Africa: A systematic review of current reports of molecular epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnostics. J Infect. 2019;79(6):550-71.

Evangelina IN, Margarida MP, Miguelhete L. Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Central Mozambique: the role of a rapid genotypic susceptibility testing. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:423.

Alame-Emane KA, Pierre-Audigier C, Oriane CA. Use of GeneXpert Remnants for Drug Resistance Profiling and Molecular Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(7):2105-15.

Katale ZB, Mbelele MP, Lema AN. Whole-genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical outcomes of patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Tanzania. BMC Genomics. 2020;21(1):174.

Rando-Segura A, Aznar ML. Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in a Rural Setting, Angola. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(3):569-72.

Diarra B, Goita D, Tounkara S. Tuberculosis drug resistance in Bamako, Mali, from 2006 to 2014. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):714.

Karimi H, Laglaoui A, Chaoui I. Performance of GenoType(®) MTBDRplus assay in the diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis in Tangier, Morocco. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;12:63-7.

Asante-Poku A, Danso E, Otchere DI. Evaluation of GenoType® MTBDR plus for the rapid detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ghana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(8):954-9.

Otchere DI, Asante-Poku A, Osei-Wusu S. Detection and Characterization of Drug-Resistant Conferring Genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains: A Prospective Study in Two Distant Regions of Ghana. 2016.

Addo KK, Addo SO, Mensah GI. Genotyping and drug susceptibility testing of mycobacterial isolates from population-based tuberculosis prevalence survey in Ghana. BMC Infectious Dis. 2017;17:743.

Sabeel SM, Hassan MA, Elzaki SE. Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Sudanese Patients. Tuberculosis Res Treat. 2017;(3):1-6.

Khalid FA, Muktar M. Tuberculosis drug resistance isolates from pulmonary tuberculosis patients, Kassala State, Sudan. Int J Mycobacteriol. 2015;4(1):44-7.

Bedewi Z, Mekonnen Y, Worku A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in central Ethiopia: drug sensitivity patterns and its association with genotype. New Microbes New Infect. 2017;17:69-74.

Senghore M, Otu J, Witney A. Whole-genome sequencing illuminates the evolution and spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Southwest Nigeria. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0184510.

Kerubo G, Amukoye E, Niemann S. Drug susceptibility profiles of pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients in informal urban settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Infectious Dis. 2016;16:583.

Jezmir J, Cohen T, Zignol M. Use of Lot Quality Assurance Sampling to Ascertain Levels of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Western Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154142.

Ombura I, Onyango N, Odera S. Prevalence of Drug Resistance Mycobacterium Tuberculosis among Patients Seen in Coast Provincial General Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. PLoS One. 2016;11(10):e0163994.

Ssengooba W, Meehan C J, Lukoye D, Kasule G. Whole-genome sequencing to complement tuberculosis drug resistance surveys in Uganda. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;40:8-16.

Onyedum CC, Ukwaja K, Alobu I. Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180996.

Saidi T, Salie F, Douglas T. Towards understanding the drivers of policy change: a case study of infection control policies for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Health Res Policy Syst. 2017;15:41.

Oyedeji G, Adeyemo C, Dissou A. Prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Tuberculosis Patients Attending Chest Clinics in Osun-State, Nigeria. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2020;21(10):939-47.

Mekonnen F, Tessema B, Moges F. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis: prevalence and risk factors in districts of Metema and West Armachiho, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:461.

Lukoye D, Ssengooba W, Musisi K. Variation and risk factors of drug resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:291.

Workicho A, Kassahun W, Alemseged F. Risk factors for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients: a case-control study. Infect Drug Resist. 2017;10:91-6.

Mesfin E, Beyene D, Tesfaye A. Drug-resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and associated risk factors among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis suspected patients from Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0197737.

Hajissa K, Marzan M. Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Sudan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(8):932.

Thandiwe N. Distribution of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Zambia, 2008-2011; 2015.

Ismail NA, Mvusi L, Nanoo A. Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis and imputed burden in South Africa: a national and sub-national cross-sectional survey. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(7):779-87.

Saeed E, Zaki A. Drug Resistance Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Sudan. J Dental Med Sci. 2015;14(8-VIII):17-9.

Faye B, Jessika I, Sheck M. Molecular Evaluation of Resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid of Tuberculosis Patients by test “Genotype® MTBDR Plus” in Senegal. 2018.

Mouhamadou L D, Diouf B, Sarr M. Molecular detection of resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid in tuberculosis patients in Senegal. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2016;10(1):41-4.

Belard S, Bootsma S, Janssen S, Kombil UD. Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Drug Resistance in Lambarene, Gabon: A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95(2):472-80.

Nwachukwu NO, Onyeagba AR, Onwuchekwa EC. Treatment default among pulmonary tuberculosis patients at an urban slum in South-Eastern Nigeria. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;5(7):3098.

Nwachukwu N, Onyeagba RA, Nwaugo VO, Ugbogu O. Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and its Associated Risk Factors in Anambra State, Nigeria. FUW Trends Sci Technol J. 2016;1(2):486-92.