Effect of 5-week training session on balance in elderly with medium risk of fall: a comparative study

Gargi M. Ray; Pushpa R. Dhote; Amrin Rupani

doi:10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20231447

Authors

Gargi M. Ray Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy, VSPMS College of Physiotherapy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Pushpa R. Dhote Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy, VSPMS College of Physiotherapy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
Amrin Rupani Department of Neuro-Physiotherapy, VSPMS College of Physiotherapy, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20231447

Keywords:

Geriatric population, Balance training, Medium risk of fall, Co-ordination exercises, Vestibular exercises

Abstract

Background: Ageing is a process through which slow, spontaneous, and progressive changes occur in the body structure over time. Healthy ageing is also characterized by reduction in muscle mass, maximal strength, rate of force development and changes in the architectural and mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit, thus affecting balance in the elderly. Here, we sought to compare the effectiveness of Frenkel’s and Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises on the balance in elderly within age group 60-70 years.

Methods: A comparative study was conducted on 32 geriatric people of age group 60-70 years with medium risk of fall. The risk of fall was considered using Berg Balance Scale (BBS: 21-40 score). The sample size (n=32) was divided into 16 subjects each in Group A and Group B respectively. Informed consent was taken and the procedure was explained to all the participants.

Results: The effectiveness of both the interventions on BBS was compared before and after 5 weeks of training. After 5 weeks of balance training sessions of both the groups, improvement in Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores of the elderly group was seen.

Conclusions: The current study, conducted on Frenkel’s exercises and Cawthorne- Cooksey exercises (Group A and Group B, respectively) used for the elderly with medium risk of fall of the age group 60-70 years for 5 weeks using Berg Balance Scale (BBS) shows that both the groups are equally effective in improving the balance.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Afrasiabifar A, Karami F, Najafi Doulatabad S. Comparing the effect of Cawthorne-Cooksey and Frenkel exercises on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2018;32(1):57-65.

Bressel E, Louder TJ, Dolny DG. Age-Related Changes in Postural Sway Are Not Consistent Between Land and Aquatic Environments. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2017;40(3):113-20.

Gatev P, Thomas S, Kepple T, Hallett M. Feedforward ankle strategy of balance during quiet stance in adults. J Physiol. 1999;514(Pt 3):915-28.

Aftab Z, Robert T, Wieber PB. Balance Recovery Prediction with Multiple Strategies for Standing Humans. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151166.

Blenkinsop GM, Pain MTG, Hiley MJ. Balance control strategies during perturbed and unperturbed balance in standing and handstand. R Soc Open Sci. 2017;4(7):161018.

Lee K, Lee YW. Efficacy of ankle control balance training on postural balance and gait ability in community-dwelling older adults: a single-blinded, randomized clinical trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(9):1590-5.

Versteeg CS, Ting LH, Allen JL. Hip and ankle responses for reactive balance emerge from varying priorities to reduce effort and kinematic excursion: A simulation study. J Biomech. 2016;49(14):3230-7.

Fallahzadeh Abarghuei A, Fadavi-Ghaffar M, Tousi S, Amini M, Salehi AR. Effect of cawthorne and cooksey exercises on balance and quality of life of 60 to 80 year- old individuals in Shiraz: A randomized clinical trial. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2018;32:74.

Baudry S. Aging Changes the Contribution of Spinal and Corticospinal Pathways to Control Balance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44(3):104-9.

Cruz-Jimenez M. Normal Changes in Gait and Mobility Problems in the Elderly. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28(4):713-25.

Manko G, Pieniazek M, Tim S, Jekielek M. The Effect of Frankel's Stabilization Exercises and Stabilometric Platform in the Balance in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(9).

Penzer F, Duchateau J, Baudry S. Effects of short-term training combining strength and balance exercises on maximal strength and upright standing steadiness in elderly adults. Exp Gerontol. 2015;61:38-46.

Pasma JH, Engelhart D, Maier AB, Schouten AC, van der Kooij H, Meskers CG. Changes in sensory reweighting of proprioceptive information during standing balance with age and disease. J Neurophysiol. 2015;114(6):3220-33.

Kaminska MS, Miller A, Rotter I, Szylinska A, Grochans E. The effectiveness of virtual reality training in reducing the risk of falls among elderly people. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:2329-38.

Gerards MHG, McCrum C, Mansfield A, Meijer K. Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: Current evidence and implications for clinical practice. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17(12):2294-303.

Gschwind YJ, Kressig RW, Lacroix A, Muehlbauer T, Pfenninger B, Granacher U. A best practice fall prevention exercise program to improve balance, strength / power, and psychosocial health in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:105.

Hiroyuki S, Uchiyama Y, Kakurai S. Specific effects of balance and gait exercises on physical function among the frail elderly. Clin Rehabil. 2003;17(5):472-9.

Jacobson BH, Thompson B, Wallace T, Brown L, Rial C. Independent static balance training contributes to increased stability and functional capacity in community-dwelling elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25(6):549-56.

Bucht H, Donath L. Sauna Yoga Superiorly Improves Flexibility, Strength, and Balance: A Two-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Older Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(19).

Rojhani-Shirazi Z, Barzintaj F, Salimifard MR. Comparison the effects of two types of therapeutic exercises Frenkele vs. Swiss ball on the clinical balance measures in patients with type II diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017;11 Suppl 1:S29-S32.

Martinez-Amat A, Hita-Contreras F, Lomas-Vega R, Caballero-Martinez I, Alvarez PJ, Martinez-Lopez E. Effects of 12-week proprioception training program on postural stability, gait, and balance in older adults: a controlled clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res. 2013;27(8):2180-8.

Maciaszek J, Osinski W. The effects of Tai Chi on body balance in elderly people--a review of studies from the early 21st century. Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(2):219-29.

Saravanakumar P, Higgins IJ, van der Riet PJ, Marquez J, Sibbritt D. The influence of tai chi and yoga on balance and falls in a residential care setting: A randomised controlled trial. Contemp Nurse. 2014;48(1):76-87.

Song Q, Wang S, Wong DP, Zhou J, Sun W, Zhang C, et al. Long-term Tai Chi exercise increases body stability of the elderly during stair ascent under high and low illumination. Sports Biomech. 2018;17(3):402-13.

Liu SZ, Ali AS, Campbell MD, Kilroy K, Shankland EG, Roshanravan B, et al. Building strength, endurance, and mobility using an astaxanthin formulation with functional training in elderly. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(5):826-33.

Cadore EL, Pinto RS, Bottaro M, Izquierdo M. Strength and endurance training prescription in healthy and frail elderly. Aging Dis. 2014;5(3):183-95.

Vale FA, Voos MC, Brumini C, Suda EY, da Silva RL, Caromano FA. Balance as an Additional Effect of Strength and Flexibility Aquatic Training in Sedentary Lifestyle Elderly Women. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2020;2020:1895473.

Silva MR, Alberton CL, Portella EG, Nunes GN, Martin DG, Pinto SS. Water-based aerobic and combined training in elderly women: Effects on functional capacity and quality of life. Exp Gerontol. 2018;106:54-60.

Martinez-Carbonell Guillamon E, Burgess L, Immins T, Martinez-Almagro Andreo A, Wainwright TW. Does aquatic exercise improve commonly reported predisposing risk factors to falls within the elderly? A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):52.

Orr R, de Vos NJ, Singh NA, Ross DA, Stavrinos TM, Fiatarone-Singh MA. Power training improves balance in healthy older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(1):78-85.

Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM. Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med. 2004;34(5):329-48.

Lacroix A, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T, Gschwind YJ, Pfenninger B, Bruegger O, et al. Effects of a Supervised versus an Unsupervised Combined Balance and Strength Training Program on Balance and Muscle Power in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gerontology. 2016;62(3):275-88.

Granacher U, Gollhofer A, Hortobagyi T, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T. The importance of trunk muscle strength for balance, functional performance, and fall prevention in seniors: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2013;43(7):627-41.

Galloza J, Castillo B, Micheo W. Benefits of Exercise in the Older Population. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017;28(4):659-69.

Ribeiro Ados S, Pereira JS. Balance improvement and reduction of likelihood of falls in older women after Cawthorne and Cooksey exercises. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;71(1):38-46.

Hotting K, Roder B. Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(9 Pt B):2243-57.

Mang CS, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, Boyd LA. Promoting neuroplasticity for motor rehabilitation after stroke: considering the effects of aerobic exercise and genetic variation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Phys Ther. 2013;93(12):1707-16.

Nahum M, Lee H, Merzenich MM. Principles of neuroplasticity-based rehabilitation. Prog Brain Res. 2013;207:141-71.

Eun Jae Ko MHC, Dae-Yul Kim, Yujeong Kang, Sook Joung Lee, Jin Hwa Yi, Min Cheol Chang, So Young Lee. Frenkel’s exercise on lower limb sensation and balance in subacute ischemic stroke patients with impaired proprioception. Neurology Asia 2018;23(3):217–24.

Corna S, Nardone A, Prestinari A, Galante M, Grasso M, Schieppati M. Comparison of Cawthorne-Cooksey exercises and sinusoidal support surface translations to improve balance in patients with unilateral vestibular deficit. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(8):1173-84.

Downs S, Marquez J, Chiarelli P. The Berg Balance Scale has high intra- and inter-rater reliability but absolute reliability varies across the scale: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2013;59(2):93-9.

Carlos-Vivas J, Perez-Gomez J, Delgado-Gil S, Campos-Lopez JC, Granado-Sanchez M, Rojo-Ramos J, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of "Tele-Square Step Exercise" for Falls Prevention in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Study Protocol. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3).

Lord SR, Delbaere K, Sturnieks DL. Aging. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;159:157-71.

Gauchard GC, Jeandel C, Perrin PP. Physical and sporting activities improve vestibular afferent usage and balance in elderly human subjects. Gerontology. 2001;47(5):263-70.

Dunsky A. The Effect of Balance and Coordination Exercises on Quality of Life in Older Adults: A Mini-Review. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;12:1-10.

Haruyama K, Kasai K, Makino R, Hoshi F, Nishihara K. Quantification of trunk segmental coordination and head stability in laterally unstable sitting identifies aging and cerebellar ataxia. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2019;63:127-33.

Berg K. Measuring balance in the elderly: Preliminary development of an instrument. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989;41(6):304-11.