Serum lipids and lipoproteins: a brief review of the composition, transport and physiological functions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20194253Keywords:
Serum lipids, Lipoproteins, Apolipoproteins, Atherosclerosis, Reverse cholesterol transport, Low density lipoproteins, High density lipoproteins, Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, Cholesterol ester transport proteinAbstract
The dietary fats are composed primarily of triacylglycerols and some amount of phospholipids and cholesterol. Being hydrophobic in nature, these are insoluble in water, and hence cannot be transported in the blood plasma per se; to enable these lipids to be transported by the blood stream to various peripheral tissues, nature has devised the technique of making these soluble by binding them to proteins. These proteins involved in lipid transport are known as apolipoproteins, and the protein-lipid particle is known as lipoprotein. Thus, lipoproteins can be considered to be the primary transport mechanism to carry lipids from the alimentary tract to various parts of the body. Lipoproteins have gained prominence in medical field over the past few decades because of their role in the aetio-pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, principally atherosclerosis which is the cause of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. The various types and sub-types of lipoproteins have been found to have differing and even opposing roles in the development of arterial diseases. An understanding of the differing populations of lipoproteins, the associated proteins and other enzymes, and the myriad variety of inter-actions among themselves and with body cells is vital to our understanding the pathways involved in the development of cardio-vascular disorders and in determining the precise steps where pharmacological interventions can be introduced.
Metrics
References
Hussain MM. Intestinal Lipid Absorption and Lipoprotein Formation. Current Opinion in Lipidolgy. 2014;25(3):200-6.
Ball DW, Hill JW, Scott RJ. The Basics of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry. 2011;1:17.2.
Worthington V, Cholesterol Esterase, Worthington Enzyme Manual, 1993. Available at: http://www. worthington-biochem.com:8080/ resources/images/ enzyme-manual/CEPM/reaction.jpg. Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Pimentel G, "Hydrogen bond", Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_bond&oldid=910405940. Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Brian L. “Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook”. NPP eBooks. 20018;19:199. Available at: https://newprairiepress. org/ebooks/19 . Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Kingsbury KJ, Bondy G, Understanding the Essentials of Blood Lipid Metabolism. Table I. Available at: https://img.medscapestatic.com /fullsize/migrated/451/762/pcn451762.tab1.gif . Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Zamora A, Lipoproteins Good cholesterol (HDL), Bad cholesterol (LDL). Available at: https://www. scientificpsychic.com/health/lipoproteins-LDL-HDL.html. Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Judström-Kareinen I, Mast Cells and HDL – Studies on Cholesterol Efflux and Reverse Cholesterol Transport - Scientific Figure on Research Gate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net /figure/Schematic-drawing-of-lipoprotein-structure-Information-derived-from-Champe-et-al-2005_ fig2_282356824. Accessed on 1 September 2019.
Siri-Tarino PW, Krauss RM. The early years of lipoprotein research: from discovery to clinical application. J Lipid Res. 2016;57(10):1771-7.
Chang TY, Yamauchi Y, Hasan MT, Chang C. Cellular cholesterol homeostasis and Alzheimer’s disease. J Lipid Res. 2017;58(12):2239-54.
Saba AB, Ajibade T, Role of Lipoproteins in Carcinogenesis and in Chemoprevention, Lipoproteins– Role in Health and Diseases. 2012;27:647-62.
Gordon EM, Figueroa DM, Barochia AV, Yao X, Levine SJ. High-density Lipoproteins and Apolipoprotein A-I: Potential New Players in the Prevention and Treatment of Lung Disease, Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:323.
Hajduk SL, Hager KM, Esko JD. Human high density lipoprotein killing of African trypanosomes. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1994;48:139-62.
Ravnskov U. High cholesterol may protect against infections and atherosclerosis. QJM. 2003;96:927-34.
Emancipator K, Csako G, Elm RJ. In-vitro inactivation of bacterial endotoxin by human lipoproteins and apolipoproteins. Infect Iminun. 1992;60:596-601.
Samanovic M, Molina-Portela MP, Chessler ADC, Burleigh BA, Raper J. Trypanosome lytic factor, an antimicrobial high-density lipoprotein, ameliorates Leishmania infection. Plos Pathog. 2009;5:e1000276.